Table of Contents

1 ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
2.1 RATIONALE FOR THE RESEARCH TOPIC ……………………………………………………………………… 10
2.2 RESEARCH AIM ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
2.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
2.4 BENEFITS OF THE STUDY …………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
2.5 DELIMITATION OF SCOPE ………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
3 CHAPTER 3……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
3.1.1 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (HRM) ………………………………………………………… 14
3.1.2 `Hard` HRM ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15
3.1.3 `Soft` HRM ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
3.2 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM …………………………………………………………………… 18
3.3 INTEGRATED STRATEGIC PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS MODEL …………………. 19
3.3.1 Purpose and Benefits of an Integrated Model …………………………………………………….. 19
3.3.2 Problems ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
3.4 THE DEBATE OF PMS IN NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS ……………………………………….. 20
3.4.1 Lack of Longitudinal Empirical data …………………………………………………………………… 21
3.4.2 Cynicism ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
3.4.3 Labour Cost ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
3.4.4 Other Problems ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
3.4.5 BENEFITS AND EFFECTS FOR AN EMPLOYEEE PEFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN
AN ORGANISATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
4 FOUR CYCLE EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODEL …………………………… 24
4.1.1 DEFINATION OF BUSINESS ROLE ……………………………………………………………………….. 25
4.2 PLANNING THE PERFORMANCE ……………………………………………………………………………….. 27
4.2.1 Purpose Of Strategy Implementation ………………………………………………………………… 27
4.2.2 Training Of Managers/Supervisors ……………………………………………………………………. 28
4.2.3 Employee Development: Training and Development …………………………………………… 28
4.3 DELIVERY AND MONITORING ………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
4.3.1 Communicating the Plan ………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
4.3.2 Trusted Staff Feedback/Appeal Process …………………………………………………………….. 29
4.3.3 Leadership Style ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
4.4 ASSESSMENT AND REWARD ……………………………………………………………………………………. 30
4.4.1 Choice of Reward Systems ……………………………………………………………………………….. 30
4.5 PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL ……………………………………………………………………………………… 32
4.5.1 Purpose Of Performance Appraisal ……………………………………………………………………. 32
4.5.2 Problems Associated With Appraisal …………………………………………………………………. 33
4.6 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT …………………………………………………………………………….. 33
4.6.1 Definition……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
4.6.2 Broken Psychological Contract ………………………………………………………………………….. 35
4.6.3 The Link between Psychological Contract and Employee Performance Management
System 37
4.7 VOLUNTEERISM……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
4.7.1 Definition……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38
4.7.2 Difference between an Unpaid Employee and Volunteer …………………………………….. 38
4.7.3 Who Are The Volunteers? ………………………………………………………………………………… 39
4.7.4 The Two Strands of Volunteerism ……………………………………………………………………… 39
4.7.5 The Reasons and Benefits from a Volunteer’s Perspective …………………………………… 40
4.8 HYPOTHESES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
5 METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
5.1 Overview ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
5.2 DEFINATION OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ………………………………………………………………… 41
5.2.1 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHIES ………………………………………… Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.2 RESEARCH DESIGN & PROCESS …………………………………………………………………………. 42
5.2.3 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY …………………………………………………………………………………… 43
5.2.4 RESEARCH APPROACH……………………………………………………………………………………… 45
5.2.5 RESEARCH STRATEGY ………………………………………………………………………………………. 46
5.2.6 RESEARCH CHOICE ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
5.2.7 Time Horizons ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50
5.2.8 TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES …………………………………………………………………………… 50
5.2.9 Sample Selection And Research Criteria …………………………………………………………….. 52
5.2.10 Population and Sample ……………………………………………………………………………………. 53
5.2.11 Research Ethical Issues ……………………………………………………………………………………. 53
5.2.12 Issue and Critical Success Factors with the Chosen Research ……………………………….. 54
6 EMPERICAL FINDINGS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54
6.1 RELIABILITY OF SURVEY RESULTS (CRONBACH ALPHA) ……………………………………………….. 54
6.2 DESCRIPTIVE RESULTS …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
6.3 ANALYSIS OF EACH SURVEY ITEM …………………………………………………………………………….. 60
6.4 NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS ………………………………………………………………………………….. 102
6.4.1 FRIEDMAN TEST STATICS ……………………………………………………………………………….. 102
6.5 HYPOTHESIS 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 107
6.5.1 SIGNIFICANCE ANALYSIS – FRIEDMAN TEST (pair wise) ………………………………………. 107
6.5.2 HYPOTHESIS NO.2 …………………………………………………………………………………………. 111
7 DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 113
7.1 Discussing the hypothesis I ……………………………………………… Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2 Discussing Hypothesis No.2 …………………………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
8 CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 116
8.1 LIMITATIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 117
8.2 RECOMMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ……………………………………………………. 117
9 REFLECTIONS ON LEARNING & SKILL DEVELOPMENT ………………………………………………………. 117
10 LIST OF REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 122
11 Appendix A – Opinion survey : WORKING FOR A CHARITY /NOT-FOR_PROFIT ORGANISATION
134
Opinion Survey : Working For A Charity/Not-For-Profit Organisation ………………………. 134