Table of Contents

Abstract
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
List of Symbols
1. Introduction
1.1. Overview
1.2. Anatomy of the Spine
1.3. Osteoporosis and Vertebral Compression Fractures
1.4. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty
1.5. Biocompatible and Bioactive Materials
1.6. Purpose of Study
2. Literature Review
2.1. Overview
2.2. Osteoporosis
2.3. Vertebral Compression Fractures
2.4. Treatment Methods for Pain Reduction
2.4.1. Posterior Fixation
2.4.2. Vertebroplasty
2.4.3. Kyphoplasty
2.5. Clinical Limitations and Complications
2.5.1. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty
2.5.2. Calcium Phosphate and PMMA
2.6. Biomechanics of Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty Augmented Vertebra
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Biomechanical Evaluation
3.2.1. Sample Preparation
3.2.2. Fracture Creation
3.2.3. Specimen Augmentation
3.2.4. Testing
3.3. Finite Element Analysis
3.3.1. Lumbar Finite Element Model
3.3.2. Osteoporotic Finite Element Ligamentous Lumbar Model
3.3.3. Fracture and Cement Creation in L3 of Ligamentous Lumbar Model
3.3.4. Loading Conditions
3.3.5. Analysis Criteria
4. Results
4.1. Biomechanical Testing Results
4.2. Finite Element Modeling Results
4.2.1. Osteoporotic Flexion
4.2.2. Osteoporotic Extension
4.2.3. Osteoporotic Lateral Bending
4.2.4. Osteoporotic Rotation
4.2.5. Osteoporotic Compression via Follower Load
4.2.6. Maximum von Mises Stress for Normal Bone under Flexion, Extension, Lateral Bending, and Rotation
4.2.7. Specific Osteoporotic Vertebral Levels
4.2.8. Maximum Shear Stress of Cement
5. Discussion
5.1. Biomechanical Results
5.2. Finite Element Analysis of Discussion
5.3. Limitations of Cadaveric Study
5.4. Limitations of Finite Element Analysis
5.5. Recommendations for Future Studies
References
A. Biomechanical Testing Data