TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT………………………………. ………………………………………………….. iv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………….. 1
Overview ………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
Discrimination on Health ………………………………………………………………………. 3
Group Identification as Protective Factor ………………………………………………… 4
The Current Study ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………. 7
Discrimination as Stress ……………………………………………………………………….. 8
Coping with Discrimination…………………………………………………………………… 11
Racial Identity ……………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Racial Socialization ……………………………………………………………………….. 21
The Problem ………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
Present Study ……………………………………………………………………………………… 28
Figure 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………. 30
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………….. 31
Participants…………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
Procedure …………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
Measures ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
Data Analysis Plan ………………………………………………………………………………. 36
Table 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ……………………………………………………………………….. 39
Preliminary analyses…………………………………………………………………………….. 39
Table 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
Table 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 41
Main analyses …………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
Table 4 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 42
Table 5 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 43
Table 6 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 44
Figure 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
Post hoc analyses ………………………………………………………………………………… 48
Table 7 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 49
Table 8 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 50
Table 9 ………………………………………………………………………………………… 51
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………………… 52
Limitations and Future Directions ………………………………………………………….. 59
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 62
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………………… 63
APPENDIX A. PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION SCALE ……………………………. 69
APPENDIX B. RACIAL SOCIALIZATION SCALE ……………………………………. 70
APPENDIX C. BLACK PRIDE SCALE ………………………………………………………. 71
APPENDIX D. DEPRESSION SCALE ……………………………………………………….. 72
APPENDIX E. SELF-ESTEEM SCALE ………………………………………………………. 73
APPENDIX F. EDUCATION ACHIEVED ………………………………………………….. 73
APPENDIX G. SOCIAL ECONOMIC STATUS …………………………………………… 74
APPENDIX H. UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA IRB APPROVAL …………………….. 75
APPENDIX I. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IRB APPROVAL ……………………… 77