Table of Contents

1. Background on climate change and its regime………………………………………………….1
2. Purpose and Scope……………………………………………………………..2
3. Methodology…………………………………………………….4
4. Essence of Compliance in International Context………………………………………….5
4.1. The Notion of Compliance and its distinction from related subjects…………..5
4.2. Compliance with International Law: A Brief on Theories……………………..7
5. Compliance in International Environmental Law…………………9
5.1. Making MEAs Successful: Cooperation for Compliance or Invocation of State
Responsibility?…………….9
5.2. Place of Sanctions in MEA Compliance…………………11
5.3. From developing new MEAs to enforcing the existing ones…………12
5.4. UNEP and MEA Compliance………………………..13
6. The Kyoto-Marrakesh Compliance System………………………………………14
6.1. Overview……………………………………………………………..14
6.2. Negotiating the compliance procedures: From Buenos Aires to Marrakesh to
COP/CMP.1…………………………………….15
6.3. Adoption of the Compliance System: Available options and Challenges…………16
6.4. The Compliance Committee…………………………………18
6.4.1. General Features………………………………………………………………..18
6.4.2. The Facilitative Branch…………………………………………………………………………..21
6.4.3. The Enforcement Branch………………………………………………………………………..24
6.5. Triggering Compliance Procedures…………………….27
6.5.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..27
6.5.2. Self Triggering…………………………………………………………….28
6.5.3. Triggering by a party against another party’s compliance……………………………29
6.5.4. Triggering by regime bodies…………………………………………….30
6.6. Fairness and due process in the Kyoto Compliance Procedures………32
6.7. Experiences with the Compliance Committee……………………….34
6.7.1. Submission by South Africa: Putting the Facilitative Brach to a Test…………..34
6.7.2. Cases before the Enforcement Branch………………………………..36
6.7.3. Concluding remarks on experiences of the enforcement branch…………41
7. Taking Stock: The Kyoto-Marrakesh Compliance System……………..42
7.1. Are the enforcement branch decisions enforceable?……………..42
7.2. Reflection on the legal value of consequences……………………43
9. Concluding Perspectives………………………………………………………45
Index of Documents……………………………………………………….48
Bibliography………………………………………………………………….52