TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………………………… iv
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………………….. v
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………… vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….. 1
The Negation Effect ………………………………………………………………………………… 2
Negation in Attention………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Negation in Memory ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Overview of the Current Studies……………………………………………………………….. 7
CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENT 1 …………………………………………………………………. 9
Method …………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Experiment 1A Results ……………………………………………………………………………. 13
Experiment 1B Results ……………………………………………………………………………. 15
Discussion …………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
Table and Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………. 17
CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENT 2 …………………………………………………………………. 19
Method …………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
Experiment 2A Results ……………………………………………………………………………. 22
Experiment 2B Results ……………………………………………………………………………. 23
Combined Samples Analysis ……………………………………………………………………. 24
Discussion …………………………………………………………………………………………… 25
Table and Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………. 27
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENT 3 …………………………………………………………………. 28
Method …………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
Results …………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
Discussion …………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
Table and Figures ……………………………………………………………………………………. 39
CHAPTER 5 GENERAL DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………. 42
Replicability of the Negation Effect ………………………………………………………….. 42
Theoretical Mechanisms Leading to Negation ……………………………………………. 44
Practical Implications of the Negation Effect in Memory …………………………….. 47
Conclusions and Figures ………………………………………………………………………….. 48
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
APPENDIX A. EXPERIMENT 1 QUESTIONS ……………………………………………… 52
APPENDIX B. EXPERIMENT 1 RKG INSTRUCTIONS ……………………………….. 54
APPENDIX C. EXPERIMENT 2 INSTRUCTIONS ………………………………………… 55
APPENDIX D. EXPERIMENT 2 QUESTIONS ……………………………………………… 56
APPENDIX E. EXPERIMENT 3 QUESTIONS ………………………………………………. 57
APPENDIX F. EXPERIMENT 3 RKG INSTRUCTIONS ………………………………… 59
APPENDIX G. IRB APPROVAL FOR EXPERIMENTS …………………………………. 60