TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………………………… iv
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………………….. v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS …………………………………………………………………………….. vii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………… viii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………….. 1
The Problem of Contextual Bias in Forensic Contexts …………………………………. 1
How Contextual Information Influences Judgments ……………………………………. 2
Current Research Addressing Forensic Contextual Bias ………………………………. 5
Is There a Solution to the Problem of Contextual Bias in Forensic Examination? 7
Evidence Lineups Versus Evidence Showups …………………………………………….. 8
Predictions Based on Eyewitness Identification and Contextual Bias Literatures 10
CHAPTER 2 METHOD …………………………………………………………………………… 14
Participants and Design……………………………………………………………………………. 14
Materials …………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
Procedure …………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
CHAPTER 3 RESULTS …………………………………………………………………………… 20
Overview of Analyses ……………………………………………………………………………… 20
Overview of Results………………………………………………………………………………… 21
Analysis of the Full Multilevel Model ……………………………………………………….. 23
Was There a Contextual Bias Effect in the Standard Procedure? …………………… 24
Was There a Contextual Bias Effect in the Filler-Control Procedure? ……………. 26
Does the Filler-Control Procedure Decrease “False Alarms” Compared
With the Standard Procedure? ………………………………………………………………….. 28
Does the Filler-Control Procedure Reduce the Number of Correct
Match Decisions Compared with the Standard Procedure? …………………………… 29
Does the Filler-Control Procedure Result in Better, Applied Outcomes? ……….. 31
Is the Increase in d´ from the Filler-Control Procedure due to
Differential Filler Siphoning? …………………………………………………………………… 34
Are the Contextual Bias Effects and the Effect of the Filler-Control
Procedure Reflected in the Confidence Measures? ……………………………………… 37
CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………………… 39
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
APPENDIX A FINGERPRINT SETS ………………………………………………………….. 62
APPENDIX B INSTRUCTIONS………………………………………………………………… 94
APPENDIX C CONTEXTUAL BIAS MATERIALS ……………………………………. 95
APPENDIX D IRB ETHICS APPROVAL …………………………………………………… 103